Virus Used To Detect E. Coli In Drinking Water


The bacteriophage T7NLC is a virus that can find the bacteria E. coli in water. The bacteriophage can bind to the E. coli and it shoots its own DNA into the bacteria. It then lyses breaks open the bacterium, releasing an enzyme that destroys it, as well as sending out additional phages to attack other E. coli.
Credit: Sam Nugen/Cornell University

To rapidly detect the presence of E. coli in drinking water, Cornell University food scientists now can employ a bacteriophage — a genetically engineered virus — in a test used in hard-to-reach areas around the world.

Rather than sending water samples to laboratories and waiting days for results, this new test can be administered locally to obtain answers within hours, according to new research published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, August 2018.

“Drinking water contaminated with E. coli is a major public health concern,” said Sam Nugen, Ph.D., Cornell associate professor of food science. “These phages can detect their host bacteria in sensitive situations, which means we can provide low-cost bacteria detection assays for field use — like food safety, animal health, bio-threat detection and medical diagnostics.”

The bacteriophage T7NLC carries a gene for an enzyme NLuc luciferase, similar to the protein that gives fireflies radiance. The luciferase is fused to a carbohydrate (sugar) binder, so that when the bacteriophage finds the E. coli in water, an infection starts, and the fusion enzyme is made. When released, the enzyme sticks to cellulose fibers and begins to luminesce.

After the bacteriophage binds to the E. coli, the phage shoots its DNA into the bacteria. “That is the beginning of the end for the E. coli,” said Nugen. The bacteriophage then lyses (breaks open) the bacterium, releasing the enzyme as well as additional phages to attack other E. coli.

Said Nugen: “This bacteriophage detects an indicator. If the test determines the presence of E. coli, then you should not be drinking the water, because it indicates possible fecal contamination.”

First author Troy Hinkley, a Cornell doctoral candidate in the field of food science, is working as an intern with Intellectual Ventures/Global Good, a group that focuses on philanthropic, humanitarian scientific research, to further develop this bacteriophage.

Describing the importance of phage-based detection technology, Hinkley said, “Global Good invents and implements technologies to improve the lives of people in the developing world. Unfortunately, improper sanitation of drinking water leads to a large number of preventable diseases worldwide.

“Phage-based detection technologies have the potential to rapidly determine if a water source is safe to drink, a result that serves to immediately improve the quality of life of those in the community through the prevention of disease,” he said.

Original Source: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/09/180927105706.htm

Original Date: Sept 27 2018

Written By: Cornell University

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Filters, Purifiers, and Softeners – What’s the Difference?

Water treatment terms are often switched between one another.  Many people, mistakenly, believe that the process between filtration, purification, conditioning, and softening are all one in the same.  With all of the confusion that surrounds the process of bringing quality water to your home and family it is important to have a basic understanding of the difference between each process.

Most homeowners believe, although it is incorrect, that when they are looking for cleaner drinking water, free of lead and chlorine that the installation of a water softener will meet this goal.  Of course, as stated previously, this is not the case at all.  Water softeners are installed in homes as a way of removing minerals in the water.  The minerals that are removed are those that cause your homes water to feel “hard” and create buildup in your plumbing.  To bring cleaner water, that is free of contaminants a water purification system would better suit your goal.

What Are We Trying to Eliminate in Our Water Anyhow?

Before we can truly understand the processes involved with taking the impurities out of our water it is important we understand what we are removing and why. Pure water is simply hydrogen and oxygen, H20; however, water doesn’t occur in this form naturally.  It picks up minerals, impurities, and a number of other chemical compounds as it makes its way to your faucet.

Mineral sediments in our water systems can be both good and bad.  Things like calcium and magnesium are needed whereas like chlorine, pesticides, herbicides, waste, bacteria, and viruses in your homes water supply can be quite harmful.  Impurities in the water are removed using two different kinds of water treatment systems: filters and purifiers.

Along with creating healthy water there are other reasons that people would want to treat the water in their home such as a reduction of in scale build-up which increases the lifespan of your appliances.   Water softeners are the system, once installed prevent minerals from passing through the water supply in your home into your home’s pipes and appliances.

Water Filters

Water filtration systems eliminate and work to decrease chlorine, lead, mercury, magnesium, copper, chromium, nickel, iron, hydrogen sulfide, and more.

Water Purifiers

Water purification systems work to remove bacteria and viruses.  Purification does not mean that the water is free of chemical contaminants that are removed by filters.

Water Softeners

Water softening systems work to replace the “hard” elements in the water with salt or potassium that will not create build-up.

A water treatment option should be chosen only after an analysis of water is done.  Many homeowners find that a combination of treatment systems work best to bring them the quality water they are looking for.

The experts at Reynolds Water Conditioning have a solution to your homes unique water quality needs including: arsenic, bacteria, chlorine, rotten egg smell, fluoride, hard water, iron, lead, acid, tannins, radon, and more.  More information on our water treatment solutions including water softeners and conditioners, water filtration and purification, reverse osmosis drinking water, and iron & odor removal can be found online at https://reynoldswater.com.

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What contaminants are hiding in your tap water?

Tap water in America has been under scrutiny recently with a handful of communities who lack access to clean drinking water from their taps. Yet most Americans – even those with presumably clean drinking water – are still guzzling down H2O that contains measurable amounts of harmful substances. The plight of Americans in cities like Flint, Michigan and Compton, California are on the extreme side of the unsafe drinking water spectrum, but they call attention to a much larger and looming problem.

Drinking water arrives in our homes through 1 million miles of pipes laid throughout the country. Many of these pipes were laid in the early to mid-20th century and consequently are outdated and beginning to fail. This is a system that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates will cost almost $400 billion to update. Americans are facing a rapidly aging water system amongst other challenges like droughts and contamination making access to clean and fresh tap water increasingly unreliable.

Water quality in America is a big picture problem that will need to be addressed by governing bodies. But in the meantime, I wanted to learn more about what was in my local water and take its quality into my own hands without relying on plastic bottles which just create more environmental problems.

Tap water is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency and requires cities to frequently test their water supplies and make the results available to the public. However, the EPA does allow a certain level of contaminants in these supplies. In some cases, the legal limit is above the “healthy limit”. Healthy limits are set by a non-profit organization called the Environmental Working Group. You can check your local water provider for contaminants on their website.

I did a search with my zip code and found that fifteen carcinogenic contaminants were detected in the same water that came from my tap – all within federally set limits. The five contaminants found in water from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power that were in excess of healthy limits were arsenic, bromate, chromium (hexavalent), radiological contaminants, and total trihalomethanes (TTHMs).

During tests conducted from 2010 to 2017, fifteen other contaminants were also found: 1,2,3-Trichloropropane, 1,4-Dioxane, bromide, bromochloromethane, chlorate, chlorodifluoromethane (Freon 22), chromium (total), fluoride, molybdenum, nitrate, strontium, tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), trichloroethylene, trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11), and vanadium.

If all of these chemicals and heavy metals were not enough, a study by Orb Media found that 94% of tap water in the U.S. and 93% of bottled water worldwide contained microplastics. Although there is no consensus on the effects of microplastics in humans yet; microplastics have been associated with behavioral changes and liver toxicity in animals.

Water makes up roughly 60% of the human body, 93% of blood, and 75% of muscles. How could I reliably get pure water? To significantly reduce water contamination, I invested in a reverse osmosis unit for the tap in my kitchen. A reverse osmosis filter completely eliminates all natural and synthetic toxins, microbes, debris, and minerals.

RO works by using pressure to force water molecules through a semipermeable membrane. This process flushes out everything else and leaves perfect drinking water. Most systems only cost a couple hundred dollars and require simple maintenance every six months – I felt this was a small price to pay to ensure the quality of my drinking water. Last but not least, my RO unit completely eliminated any desire for plastic water bottles – a win for my health and the environment.

Original Source: https://www.earth.com/news/tap-water-contaminants/

Written By: Bianca Vierra

Published Date: 10-10-18

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Well Water: Removing Iron from Your Homes Water

There are many issues that can affect your homes water with the two most common being hard water and increased iron levels.   Using the correct water filtration system, iron can be removed from your well water in a simple and efficient manner.  Water treatment systems such as water softeners and water filtration units are most often the ideal choice for homeowners looking to remove iron while reverse osmosis units are more ideal for the removal of harmful minerals and other substances.  Your homes water must be analyzed before homeowners can determine what water treatment option should be installed to properly treat their unique water supply.

 

As mentioned above, if your homes water is affected by iron the two best options in treating your water are the installation of a water softener and/or a filtration unit.   When a water softener is installed it is important for the homeowner to know what minerals are in the water.  When an excess amount of iron is found in the water it is important that the water softener that is installed that exclusively removes iron from the water source.  Water softeners use a process in which iron in the water is replaced with healthier minerals.  The drawback is that if the water also contains more harmful materials such as arsenic or sulfur a water softener may not be the right choice for treating your water supply.

 

If you are restricting your sodium a water softener that uses potassium chloride will offer you similar results without the use of salt.  Other methods of removing a high iron content from your water are oxidation filtration and reverse osmosis.

 

Oxidation filtration is used to not only remove iron from your water but also arsenic.  Oxidation filters are more powerful than water softeners and therefore chemical elements such as arsenic are removed when they are used to treat your water.  An oxidation filtration system can also help homeowners who have a problem with water that smells like rotten eggs or a unique flavor, both caused by sulfur in the water.  Increased arsenic levels are common in well water.

 

Another option as mentioned above is a reverse osmosis filtration system.  RO filters are used in water that has a number of different trace mineral elements including: iron, salt, arsenic, fluoride, lead, and manganese.   The one drawback of using reverse osmosis when treating your homes water supply is that not only does the process remove harmful minerals, it can also eliminate good minerals, such as calcium, that is naturally in your water.

 

The experts at Reynolds Water Conditioning have a solution to your homes unique water quality needs including: arsenic, bacteria, chlorine, rotten egg smell, fluoride, hard water, iron, lead, acid, tannins, radon, and more.  More information on our water treatment solutions including water softeners and conditioners, water filtration and purification, reverse osmosis drinking water, and iron & odor removal can be found online at https://reynoldswater.com.

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5 Times You Should Test Your Home’s Water Supply

When’s the last time you checked your family’s water supply using a water test kit? If the answer is “never” or a decade ago, don’t worry, you’re not alone—most of us don’t put much thought into our household’s water, even though we drink several glasses of it every single day.

Living in New York City—a city that often prides itself on the quality of its tap water delivered from large upstate reservoirs—I never worried about my apartment’s water quality. In fact, I didn’t even use a basic water filter. But with the news about the Flint, Michigan water crisis continuing to make national headlines this summer, my water habits made me pause. Because even if the source and treatment of your water supply is trusted, there’s still one missing factor: the pipes the water runs through in your home. While homes built before 1986 are more likely to have lead pipes, it wasn’t until 2014 that new regulations changed the legal limit for “lead-free” pipes from 8 percent lead down to just .25 percent lead.

Luckily, testing water for lead and other contaminants isn’t difficult, and it doesn’t have to be expensive. In fact, I was able to order a free water test kit (including pre-paid postage). Curious about your own home’s water quality? Here are five times you should always test your water, easy ways to test it, and the best water filter on the market.

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How Do I Know If I Need A Water Softener?

Are you experiencing any of the following?

Dry skin?

Yellowing clothes?

Stained bathtubs?

Non-stop issue with plumbing?

Spotted dishes?

Scale build up?

The above is commonly caused by the hard water in your home.  The good news is that each and every problem you are experiencing with your homes hard water can be fixed by having the correct water treatment system installed.  In order to determine what option is best for your homes water an analysis will need to be run to determine what type of hard water your home has.  From whole house iron water filters, reverse osmosis systems, and water softeners there is a solution for your problematic water.

Water softeners are the most commonly used appliance to assist homeowners in the removal of hard water and the issues it presents.  Not only does hard water have an effect on your skin and hair it can wreak havoc to the plumbing throughout your home which can become quite costly to repair.

As mentioned above, each and every household’s water contains more than just water.  The quality of water differs from each home and where your water source is delivered from: a private well, a city source, or private municipality.  All water contains minerals, which ones your water has will determine the level of hardness in your water. Calcium and magnesium are commonly found in water.  If a water softener is installed in your home, it will remove the hard minerals through a process of ion exchange.  This will make it easier to keep your home cleaner, your skin and hair healthier, and prolong your plumbing and household appliances.

What Happens During the Ion Exchange?

Water softeners remove minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, and manganese, replacing them with sodium ions through a process known as an ion exchange.  Ions carry a positive or negative charge due to an imbalance of electrons and protons.

The hard minerals are trapped by resin beads or zeolite crystals during the exchange.  Resin and zeolite are negatively charged and has space that holds on to positive ions.  The weaker sodium ions are held onto as the hard water passes through the water softener tank.  The calcium and magnesium minerals are stronger and pulled to the media as a type of magnet.  With the hard minerals having a higher positive charge than sodium they know them off and take over their place.  The hard minerals will stay trapped in the tank and the water with a little sodium will be dispersed for use as the homes water supply.

The experts at Reynolds Water Conditioning have a solution to your homes unique water quality needs including: arsenic, bacteria, chlorine, rotten egg smell, fluoride, hard water, iron, lead, acid, tannins, radon, and more.  More information on our water treatment solutions including water softeners and conditioners, water filtration and purification, reverse osmosis drinking water, and iron & odor removal can be found online at https://reynoldswater.com.

 

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Soft water offers brings an array of benefits

Laundry
COLOR STAY — One of the benefits of soft water is that it’s said to help keep clothes cleaner and brighter.

Water touches nearly every aspect of people’s lives. Only one percent of water that comes into a home is used for drinking. The other 99 percent is working water, proving that the benefits of high-quality water extend far beyond the kitchen faucet. When water quality is sub-par, the effects reverberate throughout the home. The elements in hard water build up in pipes and appliances and cause increased wear on clothes and glassware because those elements are harder to clean. Whole house water treatment systems offer whole body benefits.

Bathing in softened water leaves hair and skin softer and more hydrated than hard water. Soft water also:

• Cuts down on cleaning time and costs

• Keeps clothes cleaner and brighter

• Helps keep dishes spot-free

• Helps prevent soap scum and hard water deposits on bathroom fixtures

• Helps protect against plumbing problems such as mineral scale build-up

• Contributes to longer appliance life—appliances using soft water can last 30 percent longer

• Saves on energy costs. Water heaters function 30 percent more efficiently with soft water.

The Water Quality Association reports laundry costs can double for people using hard water. Clothes become stiff and rough when hard water deposits react with the chemicals in laundry detergents, and because more detergent is needed, colors fade, and fabrics wear up to 15 percent faster.

Washing machines can wear out nearly 30 times faster when using hard water. In fact, any appliance that uses or processes water works less efficiently with hard water. From coffeemakers to hot water heaters, users will not experience the desired result without using uninterrupted soft water, made possible through twin tank softening systems. Twin tank softeners provide an endless supply of treated water and only regenerate when necessary or on demand. Twin tank systems are more efficient too, using far less salt and water than a traditional softener.

Whole house water treatment systems can benefit nearly every aspect of users’ lives, from limiting time spent cleaning, to keeping skin and hair radiant, to lengthening appliance lives. The highest quality water helps people live the highest quality lives.

Original Source: http://kokomoperspective.com/kp/lifestyles/soft-water-offers-brings-an-array-of-benefits/article_ee18d2b2-bb64-11e8-8650-e3209ff9eef9.html

Published Date: Sept 21 2018

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What’s the Difference Between Reverse Osmosis and Water Softening

There are several options available to homeowners looking to improve the quality of the water in their homes but don’t know how to.  There is a lot of confusion when it comes to treating water because of the vast array of options available in the market.  In residential use the two most common treatments used are water softeners and reverse osmosis systems.

Determining what the right option for your household comes down to understanding what is accomplished with each treatment option.  The only way to really know what needs to be done to improve your homes water is to have it analyzed through thorough water analysis.  Often this process only requires a small sampling of water from each of the sources throughout your home.

Reverse Osmosis

Often reverse osmosis and filtration are lumped together.  A reverse osmosis system filters the water leaving it tasting better and healthier.  RO is especially popular for homeowners with wells.  This type of water treatment system is set up to remove contaminates and softened minerals by pushing them through an attached filter.  As with most water treatment systems you can install a whole-house or point-of-use RO osmosis system.

Benefits of Reverse Osmosis

Tasteless Water:  Often times tap water will have a funny taste.  You won’t be able to pin point what the taste is however, a RO system removes the source therefore the water will taste better.

Chemical Free:  RO drinking water systems do not use any special chemicals in the filtration of the water which makes its use environmentally friendly.

Softened Water:  Minerals in the water cause hard water.  A whole-house RO system creates softer water which leads to less pipe corrosion.

Odor and Color Removal: Many homeowners experience odors and colors in their tap water.  The odors and colors occur from contaminates and minerals in the water.  A RO system is used to take the pollutants out of the water which leaves you with higher quality drinking water.

Most often you see whole-house RO systems installed in homes with well water as it can benefit from the extra filtration.  If water from the tap tastes or smells funny and is from a city water source, then your water may benefit from a point-of-use RO system that is installed under the sink.

Water Softeners

Water softeners and water conditioners are often lumped into one category.  Instead of removing contaminants and minerals from the water like a RO system does, a water softener uses a process of ionization that replaces calcium ions and magnesium with salt ions.

Water that is hard has higher concentrations of minerals like magnesium and calcium.  When a water softener is installed your homes, water replaces the minerals that make it hard with a softer mineral, sodium.

Benefits of Soft Water

Better, More Natural Tasting Water

More Vivid Colored Laundry with Less Yellowing

Cleaner, More Sanitary Dishes and Flatware

Appliances That Last Longer with Fewer Repairs Needed

Fewer Clogged Pipes

There are many problems caused by hard water.  Installing a water softening unit can help lessen these issues.  These units do not remove contaminants within the water as they are not filtration systems however, they are perfect for homes that experience problems with pipe corrosion, iron, staining, and more.

The experts at Reynolds Water Conditioning have a solution to your homes unique water quality needs including: arsenic, bacteria, chlorine, rotten egg smell, fluoride, hard water, iron, lead, acid, tannins, radon, and more.  More information on our water treatment solutions including water softeners and conditioners, water filtration and purification, reverse osmosis drinking water, and iron & odor removal can be found online at https://reynoldswater.com.

 

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Does Your Kid’s School Have Lead In Its Drinking Water?

Students across Michigan are heading back to school this week, and in some cities, students won’t be getting their water out of drinking fountains.

Last week, Detroit Public Schools Community District announced that all drinking water in the district would be shut off indefinitely. And in Flint, the public schools plan to continue using water bottles until January.

That has many parents wondering whether they should start packing water bottles in addition to PB&Js in their kids’ school lunches this year. Here’s what you need to know about school policies and practices regarding lead in drinking water.

School districts aren’t required to test drinking water

There aren’t any federal, state, or local laws that mandate water testing for schools. The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality provides testing guides for schools that wish to do so, but that guidance does not include suggestions for how frequent schools should be testing.

Michigan isn’t unique by not having mandatory water testing in schools. Only eight states have laws that require lead-in-water testing in schools.

Some Michigan lawmakers have attempted to pass bills that would require water testing for schools, but none have made it through the legislature yet.

Even though testing isn’t mandatory, many school districts conduct voluntary tests. That’s how Detroit discovered elevated lead and copper levels in some of their schools this summer.

DPCSD Superintendent Nikolai Vitti is an advocate for testing school drinking water “We should be water-testing throughout this country, at every school and every water source,” Vitti said Tuesday. “Especially in the city of Detroit.”

Old schools, old pipes

The definition of lead-free for drinking water fixtures and components changed in 2014, so if your child’s school was built after 2014, it’s unlikely that water fixtures would cause elevated lead or copper levels.

However, older schools are more likely to have the brass pipes and fixtures that can contaminate drinking water. And old fixtures are a concern for Michigan’s aging schools, especially in Detroit, where the average school building is over 60 years old.

Michigan is one of eleven states that does not fund school infrastructure, so if a school discovers elevated lead and copper levels, the ability to the problem would differ greatly district to district.

This is because school facilities are funded almost solely through local property taxes in Michigan, which has contributed to worsening building conditions in cities with low property values while wealthier cities are able to build new, safe schools.

So, does my kid’s school have lead in the drinking water?

As Michigan Radio’s Lindsey Smith learned while reporting on the fallout of the Flint water crisis, there isn’t enough data to make sweeping conclusions about the statistics of lead in drinking water. There is no safe amount of lead in drinking water, so some parents may prefer to go with the “better safe than sorry” route.

And while there are steps homeowners can take to reduce the risk, entire school districts can’t operate the same way as a single-family home.

MDEQ does advise schools to take certain precautions, such as flushing taps before use and using only cold water for drinking and food preparation.

If you’re concerned about lead in drinking water, ask your school about how often they test the water, and make sure taking the necessary steps are taken to keep water clean and kids healthy.

Original Source: http://www.michiganradio.org/post/does-your-kid-s-school-have-lead-its-drinking-water

Original Date: Sept 5 2018

Written By:

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Water Softeners: Maintenance Made Easy for Homeowners

Water softeners are just one of the many appliances that make our lives better.   Once the softener has been installed there is little that needs to be done for it to do its job effectively day in and day out.  Once the initial water hardness level has been set, regeneration parameters are set, and the salt is filled (or potassium) the softener will run as intended without a lot of attending too.  Even though they are low maintenance appliance within the home they do require general maintenance to increase longevity and effectiveness, as do most appliances around your home.

Tips for Maintaining Your Water Softener

Keep an Eye Out for Salt Bridges

Salt bridges can occur in the water softeners brine tank when the salt hardens, creating an empty space between the water and salt which then stops the salt from dissolving and making the brine.  If the brine is not created, then the resin beads that are used to soften your water will not work as intended.  Most often a salt bridge occurs if the salt used in the tank is the wrong kind, in areas with high humidity, or when the water softener is stored in a location where the temperature varies.  The best way to treat a salt bridge is to use a long piece of wood to carefully push down on the top of the solidified salt.  This should, without a lot of force, break the bridge that was created in the salt free.

Watch for Salt Sludge

Salt sludge is a more severe issue that a salt bridge.  When the salt dissolves and recrystallizes, a mush is created on the bottom of the brine tank.  This layer of salt on the bottom of the tank keeps the system from regenerating properly which will leave a blockage in the tank that doesn’t allow the water to properly soften.  The only way in which to solve the problem of salt sludge is to completely clean out the brine tank by digging out the used salt and adding fresh salt.

The best way to avoid salt bridges and salt sludges are to use the highest quality salt pellets available.   Also, avoid putting too much salt in the brine tank, overfilling the tank will decrease the quality of the water that is produced.  It is also crucial that the humidity and temperature in the space where the water softener is kept.

Water Softener Salt Choices

When it comes to maintaining your homes water softener, as mentioned above, it is critical that you choose the right type of salt.  There are three basic types of salt you can purchase for your water softening system including: rock salt, solar salt, and evaporated salt.

Rock Salt: This is the least expensive of the options thus contains increased levels of impurities.  This can result in a sludgy tank overtime which we know decreases the effectiveness of the system.  Rock salt also leaves the most impurities in the water.

Solar Salt: This type of salt dissolves more easily then rock salt.  Solar salt can be found in pellets and crystals and is obtained by the evaporation of seawater.

Evaporated Salt:  Acquired through a mixture of mining and evaporation, this is the purest form of salt weighing in at 99.99% sodium chloride.

The purer the salt that you put into your water softener the less residue that will be left within the tank.  This leads to fewer salt bridges and less salt sludge thus less maintenance to your water softener.

Flushing the Resin Bed

Resin beads are recharged by salt on a regular basis but even though this occurs it doesn’t hurt to fully flush the resin bed with a special water softening cleanser, which will help to keep it in top form.  To prevent ineffective resin, cleanser can be poured into the brine well and the system manually regenerated.  The system with normally discharge the cleanser during the cycle performed by the water softener.  This process will help to keep the resin functioning effectively.

Regular maintenance helps to keep all appliances running smoother and the same is true of your homes water treatment systems.

The experts at Reynolds Water Conditioning have a solution to your homes unique water quality needs including: arsenic, bacteria, chlorine, rotten egg smell, fluoride, hard water, iron, lead, acid, tannins, radon, and more.  More information on our water treatment solutions including water softeners and conditioners, water filtration and purification, reverse osmosis drinking water, and iron & odor removal can be found online at https://reynoldswater.com.

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